Chloroquine Phosphate

Antimalarial drug. Inhibits autophagy in a variety of cell lines [1]. Induces cell death in breast cancer cell lines and displays antitumor and antimetastatic activity in mouse models of breast cancer [2]. Eliminates cancer stem cells via deregulation of Jak2 and DNMT1 [3]. Displays synergy when combined with the Raf inhibitor, vemurafenib, in brain tumor [4]. Cell permeable and active in vivo.

References:

1) Frieboes et al. (2014), chloroquine-mediated cell death in metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma through inhibition of autophagy; JOP, 15 189

2) Jiang et al. (2010), Antitumor and antimetastatic activities of chloroquine diphosphate in a murine model of breast cancer;  Biomed. Pharmacother., 64 609

3) Choi et al. (2014), Chloroquine eliminates cancer stem cells through deregulation of Jak2 and DNMT1; Stem Cells, 32 2309.

4) Mulcahy Levy et al. (2014), Autophagy inhibition improves chemosensitivity in BRAFV600E brain tumors;  Cancer Discov., 4 773